SEOUL—One of the world’s biggest memory-chip makers reported a record $64 billion quarterly profit on Wednesday—and its stock price still fell nearly 10%. Welcome to the most fickle of stock markets, where earnings that would have been unthinkable a year or two ago are now treated as a disappointment. South Korea’s SK Hynix, which specializes in memory chips for electronics and artificial-intelligence systems, saw its market value surpass $1 trillion in late May on the South Korean stock exchange. On July 10, the firm made its U.S. trading debut on the Nasdaq, raising more than $26 billion. The good news…